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b.5.3.2. the costs of achieving the global and regional climate and land-use objectives for limiting global warming to 1.5c with no or limited overshoot in 2050 are large. if the paris agreement is implemented to its full extent, on a global mean temperature of 2.6c above pre-industrial levels (high confidence), the total global cost of achieving a 2c limit could be as high as 10 times that of limiting global warming to 1.5c, and about four times the cost of limiting global warming to 2c (medium confidence). {3.4.7, 3.10, 3.12, 5.6.4, 5.7, cross-chapter box 11 in chapter 5}
in 2015, the intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc) and the potsdam institute for climate impact research (pik) published special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5c. this report showed that warming of 1.5c would make severe impacts on human health and food security. these impacts are more severe than the impacts of warming of 2c. for instance, the number of deaths and the economic costs of diseases from 2c and 1.5c of global warming are two times higher than the costs of warming to 2c ( fenelon d., et al., 2011 ). the impacts of warming of 1.5c are higher than those of 2c, but the policies to limit warming to 1.5c have lower co-benefits and risks than those to limit warming to 2c. in addition, the costs of implementing a suite of policies to limit warming to 1.5c are lower than those of limiting warming to 2c. for example, the costs of increasing energy efficiency by 10% across all sectors are lower than those of increasing energy efficiency by 10% across all sectors for limiting warming to 1.5c but higher than those for limiting warming to 2c ( fenelon d. d8a7b2ff72
total cumulative anthropogenic emissions of co2 in global mean temperature pathways limiting global warming to 1.5c with no or limited overshoot are about 10 gtc lower than in pathways limiting global warming to 2c with at least 66% probability (figure 2.18). the p1, p2, p3, and p4 pathways limiting global warming to 1.5c with no or limited overshoot each increase annual global mean temperature by about 0.13-0.26c compared with a pathway limiting global warming to 2c with at least 66% probability. for all pathways, the increase in annual global mean temperature is 0.12-0.26c more than the pathway limiting global warming to 2c with at least 66% probability. {2.3, figure 2.18}
different regions of the earth will experience different climate and environmental changes as a result of global warming. {2.2, 2.3, figure 2.19} in some regions, climate change is likely to be small, moderate, or large. the intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc, 2007a:10 ) defines a likely (> 66 per cent probability) climate change as a change that would occur in a particular region if the climate were to continue to warm at its current rate and distribution of temperatures. however, climate change is also projected to affect some regions more than others.19}
in all pathways limiting global warming to 1.5c with no or limited overshoot, the majority of the global mean temperature increase occurs in the tropical regions of the southern hemisphere. this is attributed to the tropical tropospheric circulation and associated ocean-atmosphere interactions. in the pacific region, the temperature increases between 1.5 and 2c with no or limited overshoot are smaller than those projected for the other regions. the temperature increases in the atlantic region (both the north atlantic and the south atlantic regions) are similar to those for the tropical regions of the southern hemisphere. {2.2, figure 2.19}