Cell And Molecular Biology Karp Pdf Download
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Most cells display bright nuclear labeling for the OR protein, OR2W1, but some nonneuronal cells show faint labeling in the cytoplasm (Figure 2). This study shows that some cells in the human respiratory epithelium express OR2W1 and also express the neuroendocrine marker, PCSK2. This raises the question: Do these cells represent true PNECs or do they represent a subpopulation of nonneuronal (endocrine) cells? To begin to answer this question, whole-mount immunohistochemistry was used to study rhesus macaque lung sections. Immunohistochemical studies in the rhesus lung using an antibody against the human OR2W1 protein (previously identified as OR4V1) or the human PCSK2 protein, together with antibodies against the human neuroendocrine markers, showed a remarkable degree of coexpression of these proteins in human PNECs, and, remarkably, in some cells of other regions of the airways that stained for these proteins ( Figure 2). These data suggest that nonneuronal (endocrine) cells in the respiratory epithelium can express both of these proteins. Similar studies were performed using the two-pore potassium channel subfamily K member 3 (KCNK3) antibody, which labels one of the apical Ca2+-dependent Cl– channels in PNECs ( Figure 2G), the cilia marker, acetylated -tubulin (green), and an anti-neurofilament H antibody (red), which labeled nonneuronal cells in the airways ( Figure 2H). PNECs were identified by their simultaneous expression of the protein, PCSK2, and by their close associations with neural fibers ( Figure 2I). From these results, we conclude that human airway epithelial cells that express both the OR and the PCSK2 neuroendocrine protein might represent genuine PNECs.We are also continuing to study the functional properties of these cells. Preliminary data indicate that they can release serotonin into the basolateral bathing solution. If this proves to be true, the next question is whether this serotonin release is sufficient to evoke a physiologically relevant response. Since preganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings also express the OR2W1 protein, we are also examining whether the cells that express this receptor are innervated by this nerve fiber network. The functional properties of the OR2W1 receptor are being examined with a Xenopus oocyte expression system. If they express both the OR and the PCSK2 protein, these cells might be key regulators of local and systemic responses to volatile stimuli. d8a7b2ff72
with molecular biology, we can begin to explore how cells are made. we can begin to see how they function and how they work. we are amazed to find that the cells are all made of proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. the cells are made from different types of molecules. some of these molecules are: rna, dna, and proteins.
proteins are all around us. they are essential in living organisms. they are the basic building blocks of life. they carry out the most important functions in the body. they can regulate the growth and development of the body. as we explore the structure of proteins, we will be amazed at the information we find. as we learn more about the structure of proteins, the more we will understand about how they work. as we know more about how the cells work, we can begin to understand how the body works.
proteins are also the most complex molecules in the world. they are made of amino acids. they are made from peptides. they are all organized in different ways and have very specific functions. they are made in special places called the ribosomes. the ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm of the cell. they are the most important tools in molecular biology.
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